TABLE 1 Global Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 2 Global Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 3 Global Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 4 Global Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 5 Global Television Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 6 Global Television Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 7 Global Tablets & Smartphones Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 8 Global Tablets & Smartphones Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 9 Global Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 10 Global Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 11 Global Control Display Panel Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 12 Global Control Display Panel Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 13 Global Others Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 14 Global Others Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 15 Global Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 16 Global Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 17 Global Polarizer Film Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 18 Global Polarizer Film Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 19 Global Backlight Unit Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 20 Global Backlight Unit Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 21 Global Indium Tin Oxide Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 22 Global Indium Tin Oxide Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 23 Global Optical Film Market by Region, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 24 Global Optical Film Market by Region, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 25 North America Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 26 North America Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 27 North America Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 28 North America Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 29 North America Television Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 30 North America Television Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 31 North America Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 32 North America Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 33 North America Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 34 North America Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 35 North America Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 36 North America Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 37 North America Others Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 38 North America Others Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 39 North America Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 40 North America Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 41 North America Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 42 North America Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 43 North America Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 44 North America Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 45 North America Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 46 North America Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 47 North America Optical Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 48 North America Optical Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 49 US Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 50 US Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 51 US Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 52 US Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 53 US Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 54 US Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 55 Canada Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 56 Canada Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 57 Canada Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 58 Canada Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 59 Canada Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 60 Canada Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 61 Mexico Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 62 Mexico Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 63 Mexico Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 64 Mexico Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 65 Mexico Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 66 Mexico Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 67 Rest of North America Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 68 Rest of North America Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 69 Rest of North America Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 70 Rest of North America Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 71 Rest of North America Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 72 Rest of North America Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 73 Europe Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 74 Europe Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 75 Europe Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 76 Europe Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 77 Europe Television Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 78 Europe Television Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 79 Europe Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 80 Europe Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 81 Europe Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 82 Europe Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 83 Europe Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 84 Europe Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 85 Europe Others Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 86 Europe Others Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 87 Europe Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 88 Europe Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 89 Europe Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 90 Europe Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 91 Europe Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 92 Europe Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 93 Europe Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 94 Europe Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 95 Europe Optical Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 96 Europe Optical Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 97 Germany Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 98 Germany Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 99 Germany Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 100 Germany Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 101 Germany Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 102 Germany Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 103 UK Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 104 UK Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 105 UK Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 106 UK Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 107 UK Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 108 UK Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 109 France Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 110 France Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 111 France Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 112 France Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 113 France Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 114 France Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 115 Russia Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 116 Russia Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 117 Russia Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 118 Russia Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 119 Russia Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 120 Russia Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 121 Spain Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 122 Spain Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 123 Spain Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 124 Spain Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 125 Spain Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 126 Spain Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 127 Italy Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 128 Italy Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 129 Italy Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 130 Italy Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 131 Italy Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 132 Italy Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 133 Rest of Europe Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 134 Rest of Europe Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 135 Rest of Europe Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 136 Rest of Europe Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 137 Rest of Europe Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 138 Rest of Europe Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 139 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 140 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 141 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 142 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 143 Asia Pacific Television Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 144 Asia Pacific Television Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 145 Asia Pacific Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 146 Asia Pacific Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 147 Asia Pacific Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 148 Asia Pacific Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 149 Asia Pacific Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 150 Asia Pacific Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 151 Asia Pacific Others Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 152 Asia Pacific Others Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 153 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 154 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 155 Asia Pacific Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 156 Asia Pacific Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 157 Asia Pacific Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 158 Asia Pacific Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 159 Asia Pacific Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 160 Asia Pacific Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 161 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 162 Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 163 China Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 164 China Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 165 China Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 166 China Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 167 China Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 168 China Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 169 Japan Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 170 Japan Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 171 Japan Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 172 Japan Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 173 Japan Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 174 Japan Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 175 India Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 176 India Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 177 India Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 178 India Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 179 India Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 180 India Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 181 South Korea Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 182 South Korea Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 183 South Korea Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 184 South Korea Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 185 South Korea Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 186 South Korea Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 187 Singapore Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 188 Singapore Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 189 Singapore Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 190 Singapore Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 191 Singapore Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 192 Singapore Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 193 Malaysia Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 194 Malaysia Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 195 Malaysia Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 196 Malaysia Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 197 Malaysia Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 198 Malaysia Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 199 Rest of Asia Pacific Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 200 Rest of Asia Pacific Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 201 Rest of Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 202 Rest of Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 203 Rest of Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 204 Rest of Asia Pacific Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 205 LAMEA Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 206 LAMEA Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 207 LAMEA Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 208 LAMEA Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 209 LAMEA Television Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 210 LAMEA Television Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 211 LAMEA Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 212 LAMEA Tablets & Smartphones Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 213 LAMEA Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 214 LAMEA Desktop Monitors & Laptops Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 215 LAMEA Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 216 LAMEA Control Display Panel Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 217 LAMEA Others Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 218 LAMEA Others Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 219 LAMEA Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 220 LAMEA Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 221 LAMEA Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 222 LAMEA Polarizer Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 223 LAMEA Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 224 LAMEA Backlight Unit Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 225 LAMEA Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 226 LAMEA Indium Tin Oxide Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 227 LAMEA Optical Film Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 228 LAMEA Optical Film Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 229 Brazil Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 230 Brazil Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 231 Brazil Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 232 Brazil Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 233 Brazil Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 234 Brazil Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 235 Argentina Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 236 Argentina Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 237 Argentina Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 238 Argentina Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 239 Argentina Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 240 Argentina Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 241 UAE Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 242 UAE Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 243 UAE Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 244 UAE Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 245 UAE Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 246 UAE Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 247 Saudi Arabia Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 248 Saudi Arabia Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 249 Saudi Arabia Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 250 Saudi Arabia Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 251 Saudi Arabia Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 252 Saudi Arabia Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 253 South Africa Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 254 South Africa Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 255 South Africa Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 256 South Africa Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 257 South Africa Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 258 South Africa Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 259 Nigeria Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 260 Nigeria Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 261 Nigeria Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 262 Nigeria Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 263 Nigeria Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 264 Nigeria Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 265 Rest of LAMEA Optical Film Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 266 Rest of LAMEA Optical Film Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 267 Rest of LAMEA Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 268 Rest of LAMEA Optical Film Market by Application, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 269 Rest of LAMEA Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 270 Rest of LAMEA Optical Film Market by Type, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 271 key Information – Toray Industries, Inc.
TABLE 272 Key Information – 3M Company
TABLE 273 Key Information – Nitto Denko Corporation
TABLE 274 key information – LG Chem Ltd.
TABLE 275 Key Information – Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
TABLE 276 key information – Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
TABLE 277 Key Information – Hyosung Chemical
TABLE 278 Key Information – Zeon Corporation
TABLE 279 Key Information – UFO Digital Solutions Pty Ltd.
TABLE 280 Key Information – PRONAT Industries Ltd.
List of Figures
FIG 1 Methodology for the research
FIG 2 Global Optical Film Market share by Application, 2021
FIG 3 Global Optical Film Market share by Application, 2028
FIG 4 Global Optical Film Market by Application, 2018 - 2028, USD Million
FIG 5 Global Optical Film Market share by Type, 2021
FIG 6 Global Optical Film Market share by Type, 2028
FIG 7 Global Optical Film Market by Type, 2018 - 2028, USD Million
FIG 8 Global Optical Film Market share by Region, 2021
FIG 9 Global Optical Film Market share by Region, 2028
FIG 10 Global Optical Film Market by Region, 2018 - 2028, USD Million
FIG 11 SWOT Analysis: 3M Company
Unique Offerings 
