Our Reports
Automotive ReportsElectronics & SemiconductorTelecom & ITTechnology & ITConsumer GoodsHealthcareFood & BeveragesChemical
Our Links
About UsContact UsPress ReleaseNewsOur Blogs

Int'l : +1(646) 600-5072 | query@kbvresearch.com

LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Material, By Implantation Procedure, By Mechanism (Balloon-expanding Valve and Self-expanding Valve), By End-use, By Country and Growth Forecast, 2022 - 2028

Published Date : 28-Feb-2023

Pages: 101

Formats: PDF

The Latin America, Middle East and Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market would witness market growth of 13.9% CAGR during the forecast period (2022-2028).

Manufacturers are concentrating on R&D cutting-edge and affordable valve replacement systems to enhance their market share. The need for AVR devices is driven by the increased prevalence of AS and valvular disorders, as these ailments can potentially cause fatal consequences such as heart failure and stroke. To stop the course of these illnesses and lower the risk of consequences, early diagnosis and treatment are essential.

As a result, the market share for aortic valve replacement devices is being driven by a rise in awareness regarding the significance of early identification and treatment of AS and valvular illnesses. According to numerous studies, TAVR devices are just as efficient as surgical aortic valve replacement devices, offering them a more appealing choice for patients and medical professionals. Moreover, favorable funding practices in several nations have aided in the uptake of TAVR devices and increased patient access to them.

The World Bank 2012 report estimates that 4.7% of the 336 million people in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) are over 65. According to Statistics South Africa's most recent mid-year population forecasts, the estimated population of South Africa is 56.5 million people. In addition, the senior population in South Africa—defined as those who are 60 and older—grew to 8.1% in 2017. 4.6 million persons in South Africa are over the age of 60. 7.7% of the population is over 65; however, in Gauteng, they account for roughly 25% of the population. Less than 12% of the elderly reside in the Eastern Cape, where geriatrics comprise about 10% of the population.

The Brazil market dominated the LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Country in 2021, and would continue to be a dominant market till 2028; thereby, achieving a market value of $171.1 million by 2028. The Argentina market is experiencing a CAGR of 14.5% during (2022 - 2028). Additionally, The UAE market would experience a CAGR of 13.6% during (2022 - 2028).

Based on Material, the market is segmented into Nitinol, Stainless Steel, Cobalt-Chromium and Others. Based on Implantation Procedure, the market is segmented into Transfemoral, Transapical and Transaortic. Based on Mechanism, the market is segmented into Balloon-expanding Valve and Self-expanding Valve. Based on End-use, the market is segmented into Hospitals, Ambulatory Surgical Centers and Others. Based on countries, the market is segmented into Brazil, Argentina, UAE, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Nigeria, and Rest of LAMEA.

Free Valuable Insights: The Global Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market is Predict to reach $8 Billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 7.5%

The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include Abbott Laboratories, Medtronic PLC, Boston Scientific Corporation, Edwards Lifesciences Corporation, MicroPort Scientific Corporation, LivaNova PLC, TTK Healthcare Limited, Meril Life Science Private Limited, JenaValve Technology, Inc., and Bracco S.p.A.

Scope of the Study

Market Segments Covered in the Report:

By Material

  • Nitinol
  • Stainless Steel
  • Cobalt-Chromium
  • Others

By Implantation Procedure

  • Transfemoral
  • Transapical
  • Transaortic

By Mechanism

  • Balloon-expanding Valve
  • Self-expanding Valve

By End-use

  • Hospitals
  • Ambulatory Surgical Centers
  • Others

By Country

  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • UAE
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Africa
  • Nigeria
  • Rest of LAMEA

Key Market Players

List of Companies Profiled in the Report:

  • Abbott Laboratories
  • Medtronic PLC
  • Boston Scientific Corporation
  • Edwards Lifesciences Corporation
  • MicroPort Scientific Corporation
  • LivaNova PLC
  • TTK Healthcare Limited
  • Meril Life Science Private Limited
  • JenaValve Technology, Inc.
  • Bracco S.p.A
Chapter 1. Market Scope & Methodology
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Market Scope
1.4 Segmentation
1.4.1 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, by Material
1.4.2 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, by Implantation Procedure
1.4.3 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, by Mechanism
1.4.4 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, by End-use
1.4.5 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, by Country
1.5 Methodology for the research

Chapter 2. Market Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.1.1 Market Composition & Scenario
2.2 Key Factors Impacting the Market
2.2.1 Market Drivers
2.2.2 Market Restraints

Chapter 3. Strategies Deployed in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market

Chapter 4. LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
4.1 LAMEA Nitinol Market by Country
4.2 LAMEA Stainless Steel Market by Country
4.3 LAMEA Cobalt-Chromium Market by Country
4.4 LAMEA Others Market by Country

Chapter 5. LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
5.1 LAMEA Transfemoral Market by Country
5.2 LAMEA Transapical Market by Country
5.3 LAMEA Transaortic Market by Country

Chapter 6. LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
6.1 LAMEA Balloon-expanding Valve Market by Country
6.2 LAMEA Self-expanding Valve Market by Country

Chapter 7. LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use
7.1 LAMEA Hospitals Market by Country
7.2 LAMEA Ambulatory Surgical Centers Market by Country
7.3 LAMEA Others Market by Country

Chapter 8. LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Country
8.1 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market
8.1.1 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
8.1.2 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
8.1.3 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
8.1.4 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use
8.2 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market
8.2.1 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
8.2.2 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
8.2.3 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
8.2.4 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use
8.3 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market
8.3.1 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
8.3.2 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
8.3.3 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
8.3.4 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use
8.4 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market
8.4.1 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
8.4.2 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
8.4.3 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
8.4.4 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use
8.5 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market
8.5.1 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
8.5.2 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
8.5.3 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
8.5.4 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use
8.6 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market
8.6.1 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
8.6.2 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
8.6.3 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
8.6.4 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use
8.7 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market
8.7.1 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material
8.7.2 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure
8.7.3 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism
8.7.4 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use

Chapter 9. Company Profiles
9.1 Abbott Laboratories
9.1.1 Company Overview
9.1.2 Financial Analysis
9.1.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.1.4 Research & Development Expense
9.1.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.1.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
9.1.5.2 Approvals and Trials:
9.1.6 SWOT Analysis
9.2 Medtronic PLC
9.2.1 Company overview
9.2.2 Financial Analysis
9.2.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.2.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.2.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.2.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
9.2.5.2 Approvals and Trials:
9.2.6 SWOT Analysis
9.3 Boston Scientific Corporation
9.3.1 Company Overview
9.3.2 Financial Analysis
9.3.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.3.4 Research & Development Expense
9.3.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.3.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
9.3.5.2 Acquisition and Mergers:
9.3.5.3 Approvals and Trials:
9.4 Edwards Lifesciences Corporation
9.4.1 Company Overview
9.4.2 Financial Analysis
9.4.3 Regional Analysis
9.4.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.4.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.4.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
9.5 MicroPort Scientific Corporation
9.5.1 Company Overview
9.5.2 Financial Analysis
9.5.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.5.4 Research & Development Expense
9.6 LivaNova PLC
9.6.1 Company Overview
9.6.2 Financial Analysis
9.6.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.6.4 Research & Development Expense
9.7 TTK Healthcare Limited
9.7.1 Company Overview
9.7.2 Financial Analysis
9.7.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.7.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.8 Meril Life Sciences Private Limited
9.8.1 Company Overview
9.9 JenaValve Technology, Inc.
9.9.1 Company Overview
9.10. Bracco S.p.A.
9.10.1 Company Overview
TABLE 1 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 2 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 3 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 4 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 5 LAMEA Nitinol Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 6 LAMEA Nitinol Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 7 LAMEA Stainless Steel Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 8 LAMEA Stainless Steel Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 9 LAMEA Cobalt-Chromium Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 10 LAMEA Cobalt-Chromium Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 11 LAMEA Others Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 12 LAMEA Others Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 13 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 14 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 15 LAMEA Transfemoral Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 16 LAMEA Transfemoral Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 17 LAMEA Transapical Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 18 LAMEA Transapical Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 19 LAMEA Transaortic Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 20 LAMEA Transaortic Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 21 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 22 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 23 LAMEA Balloon-expanding Valve Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 24 LAMEA Balloon-expanding Valve Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 25 LAMEA Self-expanding Valve Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 26 LAMEA Self-expanding Valve Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 27 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 28 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 29 LAMEA Hospitals Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 30 LAMEA Hospitals Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 31 LAMEA Ambulatory Surgical Centers Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 32 LAMEA Ambulatory Surgical Centers Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 33 LAMEA Others Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 34 LAMEA Others Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 35 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Country, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 36 LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Country, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 37 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 38 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 39 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 40 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 41 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 42 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 43 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 44 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 45 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 46 Brazil Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 47 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 48 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 49 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 50 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 51 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 52 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 53 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 54 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 55 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 56 Argentina Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 57 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 58 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 59 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 60 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 61 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 62 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 63 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 64 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 65 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 66 UAE Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 67 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 68 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 69 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 70 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 71 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 72 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 73 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 74 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 75 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 76 Saudi Arabia Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 77 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 78 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 79 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 80 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 81 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 82 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 83 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 84 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 85 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 86 South Africa Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 87 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 88 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 89 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 90 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 91 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 92 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 93 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 94 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 95 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 96 Nigeria Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 97 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 98 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 99 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 100 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Material, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 101 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 102 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Implantation Procedure, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 103 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 104 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by Mechanism, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 105 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2018 - 2021, USD Million
TABLE 106 Rest of LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market by End-use, 2022 - 2028, USD Million
TABLE 107 Key Information – Abbott Laboratories
TABLE 108 Key Information – Medtronic PLC
TABLE 109 key Information – Boston Scientific Corporation
TABLE 110 Key Information – Edwards Lifesciences Corporation
TABLE 111 key Information – MicroPort Scientific Corporation
TABLE 112 Key Information – LivaNova PLC
TABLE 113 Key Information – TTK Healthcare Limited
TABLE 114 Key Information – Meril Life Sciences Private Limited
TABLE 115 Key Information – JenaValve Technology, Inc.
TABLE 116 Key Information – Bracco S.p.A.

List of Figures
FIG 1 Methodology for the research
FIG 2 Recent strategies and developments: Abbott Laboratories
FIG 3 Swot analysis: Abbott laboratories
FIG 4 Swot analysis: Medtronic plc
FIG 5 Recent strategies and developments: Boston Scientific Corporation

Purchase Full Report of
LAMEA Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Market

Buy Now

Avail up to 60% discount on subscription plans on

SUBSCRIPTION MODEL